Break-Even Point of Industry Essay Example for Free

Break-Even Point of Industry Essay 1. Airbus’ Interests Objectives First of all, the large and cost-efficient A3XX would be popular with significant growth in the air transportation industry. Worldwide passenger traffic would almost triple in volume by 2019, with fuel price rising in the future. Creating large and cost-efficient aircrafts, rather than increasing frequencies and building new routes, would be the long-term solutions to the problem of growing demand. Therefore, this project will be strategically significant. Secondly, Airbus wants to gain market shares in the VLA market and break up the monopoly of the 747, but it didn’t have a product to compete with Boeing’s 747. Compared to the 747, the A3XX provides more advantageous features which would attract passengers especially on the longer routes, such as more space per seat, four-engine plane, etc. The combination of increased capacity and reduced costs would provide superior economics. Airbus felt confident that capacity increases would eventually prevail. As we stated above, Airbus’s objectives are to break up the monopoly of the 747, to increase its market share in the VLA market, to gain enormous financial success and to be an industry leader. 2. Break-Even Point Market Demand Production will be able to reach full capacity from 2008, with order and delivery assumed on a stable level. During this period, the capital expenditure will be offset by depreciation in calculation of free cash flow, and RD will be included in the operating margin. The company, as assumed, will produce and deliver 22 aircrafts for the airlines which have ordered, with 6 in 2006 and 16 in 2007. Since $700 million would have already been spent before the decision, this amount of investment should be treated as sunk cost, therefore irrelevant to the NPV analysis. To break even, with assumed operating margin of 18%, Airbus should produce and sell about 40 VLAs every year since 2008, or 495 in total before 2019. Taking the estimated margin from Lehman Brothers and CS First Boston into consideration, total orders needed for break-even can range from 306 to 509 in 20 years. From the view of Airbus, the market demand for VLA, 1550 in years, is large enough to take this project. And it is pretty safe to launch the development since, even with lowest estimated margin, 38% of total market share will guarantee a break-even. However, Boeing gives a totally different perspective and a much lower forecast on potential market demand. Under this estimation, A3XX development will have little chance to make a profit. Airbus should take at least half a market on VLA to make that project fruitful. 3. Boeing’s Response Based on the analysis before, the VLA market is so promising that Airbus is very likely to launch the A3XX. Facing with this threat, the most important move for Boeing is to prevent Airbus from dominating the VLA market. Therefore, Boeing can cut the price of existing 747 product lines and produce 747 stretch as response to Airbus. Producing 747 stretch which may contain 550+ passengers wont be too costly for Boeing since is a modification over the current model, and that can powerfully compete with A3XX in the VLA market. Before the stretch version is market available, Boeing can offer a price cutting of the existing 747 which can not only divert sales away from A3XX, but also make A3XX project less attractive. Other alternatives might not fit. Firstly, fighting the A3XX on legal grounds (improper subsidies) will probably induce the revenge complain from Airbus, making Boeing itself to pay a large penalty. Secondly, to develop its own super jumbo jet is costly and maybe not profitable. What’s worse, in 1997 Boeing faced the first loss in more than 50 years, it’s better for Boeing to have a prudent stable strategy than an aggressive investing. 4. The Threshold To Launch We think Airbus should commit to build A3XX. The Annual Sales and Orders as of 1999 show that Airbus currently faces a disadvantage in competition with Boeing on almost every size of passenger aircraft. Worse is that, while Boeing pockets the market for VLA, Airbus even has no product to compete. Breaking the monopoly on this market becomes critical for Airbus, which is aiming to lead the industry. Strategic significance of A3XX makes this project worth an effort. Compared with the situation when Boeing launched its 747 development with 25 initial orders, the current 22 orders, with other 34 probable, is not a negative sign to commit the project. However, there would also be great risk in the new aircraft development. The possible poor market demand will make the project unprofitable. More important is that new A3XX should be sold quickly in early years to exploit learning curve effect on manufactory and seize market before Boeing reacts.

Past Is The Key To The Future Philosophy Essay

Past Is The Key To The Future Philosophy Essay The things and deeds we did in past are now to give us fruit in present and also in the future. And our present which is going to be our past will give us its fruit in the future. The topic To look to the future One must study the past revloves in the region of past present and the future of all mankind. It covers the whole story of human being. Some think it is essential to study history in order to make their future bright but some think past has no concern with the future. Other thinks that future is related to present, the things they have in present remain same as in future. Different people have different believe on the same the topic. Why is it so? Due to the different experiences they have in their past life. In some way or another experience is second name of past. What actually affect the future? Experience affects the future. Future can never be predicted but we can strive to make it better by mean of the past experiences. Without knowing the past we repeat mistakes made in the past, and destroy our future. We cant say that we are guessing future upon the past, but in some way we can perk up our future by relating it to the events take place in past, and work to make it enhanced. No one knows what will happen in the future but the past lend us a hand and lead us to our destiny. There must be some reasons why past contribute a lot in building future. It is vitally important to study history and keeping the past in mind to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past and understand why things are as they are! We study history to learn where we were in the past and where we are now, to learn what worked for people in the past. We study history in order to remember the great achievements accompolished by our ancestors to make our future shine bright like diamonds and to remember the worst things happen in past and make sure not to do these things happen again in future. We study history to know what is the right thing to do and what is wrong so that we can understand what to do in life and how the wrong things happen and how we can be prevented. Just think, if we do not have a past what would we be today? Obviuosly nothing, if we dont know the hard works of our ancestor then how can we realize their great achievement, and what we can learn from their achievements and hardships and how can we pay respect to them. The biggest example is the achievement of Paskistan, if do not study history then how we could be able to compete with others and maintain or moral value. How could we realize and feel proud on our country, culture and faith. Without a past we couldnt go through life. Our personal life is also interrelated with past. We can call our past as our memory it can be good or bad. It depends upon us with whom we want go either with bad one or by good one. We can take experience from bad memory furthermore good memories give us courage to live. Its all about experiences. The more you know about history, the more you will be ready to build your future. The famous philosopher George Santayana wrote in 1896 in Reason in Common Sense, the Life of Reason, volume 1. Those who do not study history are doomed to repeat it. No one is strictly doomed to repeat it. But Yes! History repeats itself because no one pays attention for the first time. But if someone forgot the past they will surely repeat in number of manners. The game remains same but the player changes. Of course if we forgot something which we have to do then certainly we will some face outcome and consequences. There are many interesting events in the history which indicates us and enlighten with the truth about the words said above. Learning regarding the bad things in history is a way to prevent them from happening again. Furthermore, sometimes we even know the history we repeat it because we have not learn anything from it. It can be discussed by some examples which are taken from the link given below. http://www.city-data.com/forum/history/1023429-does-history-ever-repeat-itself-ww2.html#ixzz2EucrunZh (See the exact words from the link given above) In World War I Germany lost to France. In World War II Germany defeated France. When it came to the French they learned their lesson. They failed in other areas, particularly the invasion of Russia, where I could point out that they should have taken a page from Napoleons book and re-thought the campaign. When we debunked Vietnam vs. Afghanistan but, we can find examples to put them together. Though the wars are different, they also contain some similarities. Both were being fought to combat an idea; communism in one, terrorism in the other. As we all know, we cant fight a concept. Both were essentially nation building efforts that paralleled the war. Both were reliant upon corrupt and ineffectual local central governments who were needed for success. Both contain indigenous guerilla forces opposed to our presence. Both have little geo-political value outside of combating the concept that the area is spreading. Both are being fought essentially unilaterally with little support from other allies. So, while not everything is the same one can infer that based on the lessons of Vietnam (some of which we learned from and are using to effect in Afghanistan) the entire war is essentially doomed to failure as it is by definition unwinnable. Sayings often have root in reality. Sometimes we need to look hard and be a little more liberal in our interpretation, but they are valid in some cases. Some times for some people in some ways past acts as a greatest enemy of them. That who had a worst and most awful happening in their past life and couldnt cope up with them for such people past is the greatest enemy. They rely on their past and start blaming other things that they came from this background and so on and start asking their self that why this happened to them and think if it would not happen then they would be in pleasure instead of working for the future they humiliates their past. They do not even try to come out of it and to deal with other and this will how they lose with the fear of defeat, after some time it become impossible for them to come out of this and to glow and rise again. In some ways their society wont allow them to learn from their past, they keeping on repeating their past and let them feel bad and make them realize their mistakes and make them feel ashamed. This will lead them to disappointment. We study history to think and feel proud on our country and on our motherland. History also introduces us to the important people of past they may be our idol or evil who contributed a lot in the structure of our country. There are loads of other reasons why do we prefer to study history. It tell us where were in our past life and where we are going to be in the future. It tells us our originality where we came from and how things, people and times change, how the culture and belief developed and then how suddenly with the passage of time they changed. History takes us to new era where we can judge our selves. Similarly if we can judge and understand our selves by studying our past, then simply we can guess, judge and understand other by analyzing their past. By mean of studying history we can understand about people behavior when they acted and how they behaved in such manners. If we do not understand them then how will we make interaction with them and develop relations with them. It also develops our thinking and relating skills that how we can relate one thing with another and then get better result. Many philosophers, scholars say to gain and learn from your past experience in order to understand your life and move towards golden future and to learn lessons, wisdom and intelligence. Therefore, history leads us to understand the past and use this fact and figure to work in present and get better result in future. A person with no sense of the past is a person who is a stranger both to his or her own roots and to the human condition more generally. For human beings are not creatures of nature; we are inheritors of the history that has made us what we are. Not to know our history is not to know ourselves, and that is the condition not of human beings, but of animals. And even from a practical point of view, to be ignorant of the past is to make us impotent and unprepared before the present. How can someone without a sense of medieval history have the slightest inkling of the meaning of the current impasse the West finds itself in its dealings with Islam? The Crusades were not, as is often implied by Muslims and non-Muslims alike, a unique moment of anti-Islamic aggression. They were actually but one blip in the astonishing growth of Islamic empires in Europe and elsewhere, from the time of Mohammed onwards, right up to 1683 when the Turks were turned back from the gates of Vienna and 1686 when they were expelled from Budapest. But who now remembers any of this, or ponders its consequences? It is not, needless to say, taught in National Curriculum history, which prefers to dwell on the Aztecs, about whom we have only the vaguest knowledge in comparison, and (endlessly) on the rise of Fascism (not communism) in Europe, studied by pupils who know nothing of the history of Italy and Germany before the 20th century.   Is it any wonder that, with no sense of our past or identity as, in other moods, politicians increasingly complain we are a culture obsessed with celebrity, football, and reality television? Most of our population knows nothing else, and they have no yardstick from either history or culture with which to judge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (- Anthony OHear, The Telegraph) By the mean of understanding our history and looking into the future, we can conclude in a general sense where we were and we are going to be. Then, looking into the future, we can act in ways that built our future in the direction and ways we would like to see it and make it shine like a diamond.

Movie Analysis Of Monsters

Movie Analysis Of Monsters Monsters (2010) is a modern-day fictional monster film which, as with many films in the horror/monster genre, acts as a social commentary, touching upon contemporary geopolitical issues and public anxieties (Carroll, 1981). Bordwell and Thompson (2003) describes a horror film as being recognizable by its intended emotional effect on the audience, and this film successfully does this, although more subtly than other films in the genre. The diegesis of the film, based in Mexico, is a world in which the monsters of the title are huge squid-like aliens which, for the past 6 years, have inhabited a large area of Mexico which has now been quarantined as an infected zone, with a huge wall being constructed on the Mexico-USA border to keep the aliens out. The film follows a photographer (Kaulder) and his bosses daughter (Sam) as he reluctantly attempts to escort her safely back to her father in the USA after a rogue alien attack left her injured; and the romance that blossoms between the two throughout their ordeal. I will show how this film uses these aliens with dramatic, symbolic effect to also act as an allegorical narrative for current societal issues; offering a semiotic analysis of these underlying themes and signifiers within the film. The direct analysis will be of the aliens themselves, yet the interaction and reaction of humans with the aliens also carries other meanings, and will be considered. Prior to the opening credits of the film a brief textual narrative explains that alien life was introduced to earth as a result of a failed NASA mission, resulting in the area being quarantined as an infected zone, with the military still struggling to contain these creatures. The treatment of these creatures is allegorical to that of illegal immigrants and refugees which are effectively quarantined by western governments, showing how these aliens can be considered a signifying symbol of a societal concern about immigration. This bears resemblance to allegories used in the 2009 film District 9, another example of a film where aliens are quarantined, however in this instance, the representative discourse is that of apartheid in South Africa. In the opening sequence of the film (post-credits) a series of following shots introduces Kaulder, the cynical male protagonist of the film. The scene is set as he examines a collapsed building in a warzone and attempts to gather information from the rescue workers at the scene. Do you know where they take the injured? asks Kaulder, but has difficulty explaining his situation due to the language barrier. This image of the warzone is elaborated throughout the film, with the mis-en-scene including tanks, weapons and general destruction. This representation is a metonymic sign, an iconic resemblance alluding to areas of real present civilian conflict zones such as those in Afghanistan and Iraq, portraying the destruction of the lives of the people who live there and the difficulties faced by those who have loved ones entangled in conflict, either as a military or civilian presence. Although we are aware that this destruction was in fact caused by conflict between military and the aliens , the way the scene has been composed and edited shows clear visual similarities to images portrayed in the media of destruction in contemporary warzones (these can be seen in figures 1 and 2, particularly note similarities of colour and content) Fig 1: An over the shoulder shot of a rescue worker with the rubble from a destroyed building and a military tank in the background taken from the opening sequence of the film Monsters (2010) which helps build the mis-en-scene. (Monsters, 2010) Fig 2: A similar image of a destroyed building, to that in Fig 1. Photograph taken from a real life conflict zone in Helmand province, Afghanistan (2009) shows a US Marine patrolling this site of destruction. (Getty images, 2009) Later on in the film we are shown a series of close-up shots of Sam and Kaulder in the back of a taxi, juxtaposed with point of view shots showing their views of further destruction and military occupation in what seems to be a primarily civilian area. Whilst Kaulder is keen to document this by taking photos, Sam seems disturbed by what she sees, asking the taxi driver Do you feel safe living here? his response being Where would we go? My work, my family is all here. This symbolises the real life hardship that civilians in conflict zones have to face; they have no resources to migrate from the area, and even if they could, they abandon their homes, families and livelihoods. Fig 3. A cut in shot used to emphasise the graffiti in the background which, translated into English, reads STOP THE ATTACKS, a cry from the civilian population to the US dominated military that are destroying their cities and killing their children in attempts to destroy the aliens. (Monsters, 2010) In a later sequence, a series of cutaway shots depict thousands of candles lit in memorial to the numerous dead in a city near the quarantined infected zone which experiences huge losses due to the conflict. Cut in shots are then used to focus on graffiti on the walls of surrounding buildings. One of these (fig 3) reads Detener los ataques 500 dead which translates to stop the attacks; another proclaims Que son los monstruos no bombing! which asks who are the monsters? This is a key, symbolic scene in the movie as it implies that in fact the civilian population feel the root of the problem is not the aliens but the heavy handed US military opposition dropping bombs and gas in an attempt to eliminate the aliens which are not particularly aggressive until provoked. Signified meanings of the graffiti messages are referents of the way in which western militaries act when entering civilian zones, such as the recent US occupation in Afghanistan and Iraq. Here, the US military conduct routine violence in the name of the war on terror, yet they bomb and destroy the lives of innocent people in these civilian areas in the process. This idea is emphasized in the final shot of this sequence where a passing US military helicopter blows out candles at the candlelit vigil, alluding to the civilian lives blown out by the same military. Kaulder and Sam continue their journey through the infected zone towards the safety of the US eventually reaching the huge wall constructed on the border between the USA and Mexico to keep the aliens out (Fig 4). Fig 5: A photo of a section of the existing USA-Mexico border barrier which is under construction by the US government in response to illegal immigration from the south. It construction has been met with much criticism from both sides of the border (Ignelzi, 2007) Fig 4: A shot from the film Monsters (2010) of the huge wall which has been constructed by the US government on the border between the USA and Mexico to prevent alien invasion from the south. Although on a far larger scale, this bears some resemblance to the barrier which currently exists, constructed to combat illegal immigration (Fig 5). Its different looking at America from the outside Kaulder. (Monsters, 2010) Although the wall bears resemblance to the existing barrier constructed on the USA-Mexico border, a deeper interpretation is that the wall is a more abstract metaphor for the barrier that governments construct via the media to hide the truths about their militaries involvement in armed conflicts. The public are constantly shown images of heroism by US troops, and death and destruction caused by the opposition, yet images depicting the death and destruction inflicted on the civilian populations by US military action are rarely publicised. In the film, American citizens are physically divided from the carnage occurring on the other side of the wall, unaware of the destruction being caused by their own military presence and the opposition those who live in the conflict zone have to the US military presence. Kaulder supports this idea when he says, whilst looking at the wall when you get home its so easy to forget all this, I mean tomorrow well be back to our separate lives, in our, like , perfect suburban homes, describing how protected and separated those in the USA are to what is happening in the conflict zone. This narrative symbolises the current ignorance of unnecessary civilian deaths in Afghanistan caused by US military actions. This discourse contradicts the view presented by conventional war films which will typically glorify US interventions and present the production and reproduction of discourses of American national identity (Carter, McCormack. 2006) as it is a monster film so has a totally different agenda. Eventually, Sam and Kaulder make it through the border back to the USA in a town which has now been unexplainably evacuated, but are picked up by a US military convoy. Here I have examined geopolitical issues, using semiotic analysis, expressed as symbols and features in the film Monsters, and how these have been visually constructed and represented. In this film, the monsters could be metaphors for the fear of immigration, and the way these people are treated by those in the developed world and terrorism, looking at the lives of civilians living in conflict zones whose day to life is disrupted by warfare and military occupation caused by terrorism. It also questions, who are the terrorists? These anxieties are two key referents, visualised by the aliens. Throughout I have considered the conventional use of the aliens as symbols of these fears, a typical discourse used in films of the monster genre. I have looked at visual similarities between examples used in the film and reality, presenting images from the film and secondary sources where useful, particularly looking at how those people living in and around the infected area resemble those livin g in areas currently occupied by a military presence. Word count: 1641

The Relationship between Human Nature and Global Warming Essay

The Relationship between Human Nature and Global Warming According to the National Academy of Sciences, global warming over the past century has caused a rise in Earth's surface temperature of about 1 degree Fahrenheit. There is evidence to substantiate attribution of the increased rate of this warming phenomenon over the past 50 years to human activities. Human activities have altered the chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases, chiefly carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide (Internet 0). This paper will explore modern human nature, the technology that it demands, and the effects, both positive and negative, that these factors have had on the environment. The advent of the Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s brought with it unprecedented improvements in the quality of human life. Individual freedom, technology, industry, and economic growth became symbols of success and happiness, and society molded itself around these new technologies to the point where they were necessary for survival. New applications of energy developed by the Industrial Revolution provided energy-intensive agricultural methods that caused death rates to fall sharply and population density to increase significantly (Internet 1). Over time, improvements to human life increased as industry developed. Industry is now a worldwide, powerful and booming establishment. It is impossible even to imagine all the aspects of modern life that exist as a direct result of industry, and few would disagree with the statement that industry has afforded humans life improvements on an unprecedented scale. Yet this success has come at a great cost to our environment. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revoluti... ...bal Warming Information, http://www.globalwarming.org/index.htm Internet 4 United States Environmental Protection Agency, yosemite.epa.gov /oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/emissions.html Internet 5 United States Environmental Protection Agency, yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/ content/emissions.html Internet 6 United States Environmental Protection Agency, yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming. nsf/content/emissions.html Internet 7 The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability, http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/uniqueKeyLookup/SHSU5BPJWH/$file/chaptsum.pdf?OpenElement Internet 8 United States Environmental Protection Agency, yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/emissions.html Internet 9 United States Environmental Protection Agency, yosemite.epa.gov/oar/ globalwarming.nsf/content/emissions.html

Antigone :: Free Essay Writer

Antigone The characters in the play Antigone all suffer a downfall of some sort. The major characters suffer the most, though. In this short essay, I will document on how the two main characters, Creon and Antigone, both inevitably become tragic heroes. The first example that I observed in Antigone was her self-righteous plight to bury her brother. She believes that what she is doing is right, and that she will do it no matter what the consequences, because he was her brother, her blood. This establishes the first part of a tragic hero, the part about doing something for the good of someone else, rather for than the greater glory of doing it. The first impression that Creon made upon me was his stern, ironclad manner and ethical code. When the reader is first introduced to Creon, his or her first impression is that Creon will eventually die, as the villain does in nearly any play, movie, novel, etc. But in actuality, Creon suffers the most of all, losing his one key to immortality, his son. I ruled out that Antigone probably was a tragic hero to a lesser extent, however, when she started to question her actions. A real hero of any sort always does what they think is right. Since Creon still hadn't changed his mind at that point, I was perplexed on who would become the one who regretted their actions later, and was eventually going to experience a catharsis. Haimon was the "silent" tragic hero of the play, suffering at the hands of his strict father. Haimon remained loyal up to a certain point, until the question of whether Creon's decision was possibly the right one. Haimon established himself as a tragic hero when he tried to kill Creon in revenge for Antigone's suicide. Haimon not only lost Antigone's love, he lost his life. Earlier, I mentioned Antigone's self-righteousness. Creon had an egotistical point of view as well. Antigone thought at first that her actions were justified and righteous when it came to the question of morals and ethics. Creon was not at all different, believing that his way was the "right" way, or the way the "Gods" would have chosen. Both realized the mistake they made, and regretted it later, when it was too late. Creon certainly suffered the most, losing three of his immediate family, the unmentioned being his wife. But to say that Creon is the only tragic hero in the play is extremely naive and shortsighted.

Simba Chips

Simba Packaging: Simba is re-launching the iconic potato chipbrand with a new look and feel to drive additional interest in the snack aisle. The re-launch is focused on refreshing the range of fun and flavourful potato chips to address consumer needs whileboosting brand exposure in retail outlets. A South African icon for 56 years, Simba is committed to further investing in its brand by continuously updating its image to appeal to shoppers and consumers alike and provide easier on shelf navigation and presence.This contemporary new design includes a bigger and more prominent Simba The Lion, capitalising on the loved and easily identifiable icon. At the top center of the packet, is a modified brand logo re-introducing the famous crown that makes it The Unmistakable King of Snacks. The changes made to the packaging are significant, yet the product range retains the key elements that have made Simba a recognisable South African brand for so many years. Additionally the large 125g packet will come in a thicker film to enhance the look and feel on shelf.Part of the research conducted by Simba included elements to ensure that the fundamentals of the new design are assembled centrally on the pack, making it easier for the consumer to track all the important product information at a glance. ‘At Simba we are extremely proud of this fresh look, which marks an exciting new chapter for the brand. The new packaging will help to revitalise the brand and contribute to continued growth. We are confident that this updated look will appeal to all customers while keeping the brand firmly in touch with Simba’s rich heritage’ says Rita Fernandes, Senior Brand Manager for Simba.The brand re-launch will be supported by a full marketing campaign including a television and radio commercial, sampling activity, PR and in store branding. The campaign will communicate the changes to customers and ensure that while their favourite Simba product may have had a makeover, i t’s still the same Simba taste experience inside the pack. The refreshed look of the range is not the only big news from Simba. The party bag size (200g) will also be launched concurrently with the packaging re-launch, giving consumers a format for the socialising and party occasion.

Analysis of Jane Austin’s Pride And Prejudice Essay

Elizabeth’s and Darcy’s epithet (not literal but rather implied) of â€Å"Proud and Prejudiced† as the title of the book indicates, is clearly evident in the discourse and the use of pronouns found in extract â€Å"A† – chapter 10. Extract â€Å"B† – chapter 58, has an entirely different use of discourse and the â€Å"polarity of persons† is fundamentally different to that of extract â€Å"A†, the â€Å"I† and â€Å"you† of Elizabeth and Darcy become increasingly more like a metaphorical â€Å"we† or â€Å"us† as the book progresses, bring about a new implied epithet of â€Å"humble and accepting†. Benveniste refers to the use of pronouns as bringing one’s â€Å"ego† into reality through the â€Å"othering† of people. The culture of politeness at the time that Jane Austin wrote Pride and Prejudice dictated that a person had to be far more subtle in their approach to, amongst others, insults. This was predominantly done through the change in indexicals, in the same manner we as the reader are able to pick up on the transition from; repulsion between Elizabeth and Darcy through to attraction and ultimately love, all as an event of language. In extract â€Å"A† Mr. Darcy moves closer, â€Å"drawing near† – line 2, to Elizabeth , this is indicative of his affection towards her although it may be on a sub-conscious level. The reader can assume this as he moves his entire body towards her in a private manner. He then proceeds to â€Å"other† and mock her in line 4 by not including his own subjectivity in the discourse. â€Å"Do not you feel a great inclination, Miss Bennet, to seize such an opportunity of dancing a reel?† – In this â€Å"utterance† Mr. Darcy does not include himself in the discourse and refers to Elizabeth as â€Å"you†, this creates a distance between the two as the â€Å"you† is not linked to Mr. Darcy’s â€Å"I†. Mr. Darcy extenuates Elizabeth by referring to her as â€Å"Miss Bennet†, in this he creates more distance by the formal address. The word â€Å"seize† is a blatant attempt to incite a reaction from Elizabeth by emphasizing her family’s economic situation by insinuating that being poor, she would jump at the opportunity to let loose and revel in the opportunity to participate in, it is implied, this rare treat. In actuality Darcy is using an ironical tone to provoke a response and although othering Elizabeth is desperately seeking her attention. The same practice is performed by most young children, often mocking and behaving in a callous manner to the opposite sex in order simply to engage them. Elizabeth does not answer his question and he is forced to  repeat it. This indicates to the reader that although the two seem to be partaking in an argument, it is more than that and they are rather just trying to get attention from one another. It is important to note that at the time the novel was written it would be considered extremely rude to not answer a direct question and the fact that Elizabet h does this to Darcy shows us; that she is a head strong proud individual and that she feels comfortable enough with Mr. Darcy to be impolite. After having repeated the question Elizabeth answers him. The polarity of the subjectivity and deixis is well demonstrated in her response to him. â€Å"I heard you before†, she involves him as a â€Å"you† (the object) and rebukes him by making him aware that he knew she had heard and there was no need to repeat the question. She continues by re-iterating her intention of othering him by using â€Å"in reply† – line 9 opposed to â€Å"to you†. To illustrate his opinion and highlight his rudeness, she proceeds and turns him into the subject by placing the â€Å"you† at the beginning of the sentence in line 9, â€Å"You wanted me†. Elizabeth does this in order to embarrass Darcy and in doing so becomes a hypocrite, by using a tit for tat approach. She rebukes his poor cordiality but in doing so becomes just as malicious as Darcy. Elizabeth ‘s rebuttal reaches the crux with her proverbial â€Å"but† – line 10; after involving him she utterly removes him as a subject in her discourse and moves into a statement, â€Å"I delight in overthrowing those kind of schemes, and cheating a person of their premeditated contempt.† The reader can observe the â€Å"those† and â€Å"their† as a way of putting Darcy and his verbal banter in the same category as any other person she has encountered in her past. To enhance her point with dramatic effect she slows the tempo of her â€Å"utterances†; â€Å"I have, therefore, made up my mind to tell you, that I do not want to dance a reel at all – and now despise me if you dare.† Once again she makes herself the subject with the â€Å"I have† then a the series of pauses so that the reaffirmation of her subjectivity can occur distinctively three times; â€Å"I have†, â€Å"made up my mind†, â€Å"tha t I do not want†. In closing Elizabeth forces the polarity onto Darcy by using direct and powerful words â€Å"despise† and â€Å"dare†. It is thus impossible for Darcy to avoid discourse and resorts to a defence of his ego offered by the â€Å"I†. Extract â€Å"B† – chapter 58 begins with Darcy explaining to Elizabeth the circumstances of his youth that brought about the â€Å"selfish† – line 8 adult that he became. In this monologue Darcy’s use of pronouns from lines 1 through to 11 are all self involved and one can notice the repetition of â€Å"I† at the beginning of sentences and after conjunctions or the start of a new point. This is unlike the use of â€Å"I† found in earlier extracts as well as future extracts; this is due to Darcy’s explanation being of little importance to any â€Å"polarity of persons† but rather a brief description. Darcy has by this stage of the book evolved into almost an entirely different â€Å"I† or person. When he uses the â€Å"I† in this section of the extract he is in essence borrowing it from his old self in order to justify his â€Å"Prejudiced† actions towards not only Elizabeth but all people he perceived to be of an inferior class. The introduction of Darcy’s new self occurs in line 12 with his inclusion of â€Å"you† and the use of Elizabeth ‘s name, â€Å"but for you, dearest, loveliest Elizabeth!†. The surrender of all ego is done by attributing â€Å"dearest† and â€Å"loveliest† to the â€Å"you† of Elizabeth , importantly he uses the pinnacle of these attributes to raise her above all others. â€Å"By you I was properly humbled.† – line 14; this positioning of the â€Å"you† before the â€Å"I’ show that Darcy has completely surrendered himself over to Elizabeth by giving the â€Å"you† tenure of the â€Å"I†. Elizabeth, not surprisingly, also gives herself over to Darcy by reversing the order of pronouns in line 17 – â€Å"Had you then persuaded yourself that I should?†. The use of pronouns as Benviniste demonstrates is a direct representation and the only true representation of ones ego. Both Elizabeth and Darcy then proceed in a rather shameful manner to reverse the â€Å"polarity of persons† in order to apologise to one another. â€Å"How you must have hated me after that evening!† – line 22, the reader should take note of the utterance being formed as a question but made as a statement. Certainly Elizabeth is seeking a response but in a very passive manner! Darcy replies in an equally passive tone but hints of defensive tones can be observed in his response of â€Å"Hate you! I was angry, perhaps, at first, but my anger soon began to take a proper direction† – line 23. Darcy involuntarily reverts back to his old â€Å"I† as a means of defence and finding a comfort zone, correcting himself he introduces and Elizabeth and her â€Å"you† by implying  that she is the â€Å"proper direction†. The lines that follow are of the same passive nature as slowly the â€Å"I† and â€Å"you† of Darcy and Elizabeth become one. Benviniste tries to convey that our use of pronouns is in essentially the only way in which or utterances or communication can be of any importance. Pronouns are the gateway in which or ego’s can be transmitted into reality. These two extracts from â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† show wonderfully how this is done. Through the book we notice a clear change in the â€Å"polarity of persons† from that of egotistical to unselfish and relinquished pronouns. Bibliography:Jane Austin Pride and Prejudice